You understand that exercise is good for you helping you to maintain a healthy weight, keep your muscles and joints flexible and helping you live longer and feel better. For all the same reasons, your pets need to get exercise too. Not only can exercise extend your pets lives; it may also expend some of their nervous energy and make them a little less likely to chew on the furniture.

Without you to lead the way, you’re pet is not going to run laps or do 50 sit-ups. So as a pet owner, part of your responsibility is to ensure your pets get safe, enjoyable exercise on a regular basis. All pets need some physical activity to help them live a happy, healthy life.

Different pets require different amounts of exercise, so it may be best to have a chat with your vet before determining the correct level for your pets exercise.

Dogs

Dogs can be great fun to exercise as they can get you out and about yourself. After your vet gives your dog a clean bill of health, start your pet on suitable exercise for beginners.

Just like people who aren’t used to exercise, dogs should start off slow. Moderately paced walking and swimming are a good way to start - then let your pet build their cardiovascular and muscle strength without putting undue stress on their joints. A daily 10-15-minute walking or swimming session is a good start and you can build to an hour a day if your pet seems up to it. If, after a few months your pet can handle long, fast walks without fatigue, he could graduate to jogging with you.

Make sure that you watch out for the following:

• Keep a close eye on your dog. Watch for any unusual signs of fatigue or trouble breathing. If your pet wants to stop, let them. Dogs that overdo it can suffer strained tendons or ligaments or other orthopedic problems.
• Safety first. Keep your dog on a lead when you run. Even the best-trained dogs can run into the path of a car. And if you have to run when it’s dark out, put reflectors on your dog’s collar as well as on your clothes.
• Try to run on dirt paths or grass as much as possible. Gravel, concrete, asphalt, cinders and road salt can irritate your pets paws.
• Be careful when it’s freezing cold or hot and steamy out. Either keep your run short or play a little indoor fetch instead.
• The more active your dog is, the more water he will require. Make sure your pet has enough fresh water before and after your run. If you’re going for a long run, take some water along for both you and him.

Cat

Cats are a little bit different than dogs, they’re designed for short, frequent periods of intense activity, rather than longer, slower-paced exercise sessions.

There are wide selection of toys you can buy to get your cat active, including “kitty trees” that will let your pet climb to the ceiling and mechanical animals that can be chased around the room. There are a few main ways you can entice your pet into activity:

• Things that can be hit. Anything light that moves easily across the floor can give your cat a chance to practice hitting and chasing. Balled up paper works well. Just make sure that she’s not batting anything she could chew up or swallow.
• Things that can be chased. The end of a moving string should bring out the predator in even the most sedentary cat. Again, just make sure you pet doesn’t swallow the string.
• Things that can be climbed into. Empty boxes and paper bags are perfect for this. Remember plastic bags could cause suffocation.
• Things that can be scratched. Scratching stretches and tones the muscles in your cat’s shoulders and back. A scratching post–or even a piece of cardboard or carpet–can keep your pet active without your furniture taking the brunt. Don’t use your hand or fingers as “bait” or as the object of teasing. This teaches your pet that it is all right to scratch and bite your hands.

Some cats can even be trained to walk outside on a leash!

As the holiday season begins, we offer a reminder of the potential hazards that often face your pet during this time. When you start to decorate and cook, be careful! The holiday season is generally a time of family togetherness in which even our pets participate. One’s thoughts generally are far from thoughts of injury; however, one must be aware of some important seasonal hazards in order to insure a happy holiday season.

RIBBONS & TINSEL

These are of special interest to playful cats and kittens who see these materials as toys (or prey) to be chased, pounced upon, chewed or swallowed. While chasing and pouncing pose no health threats, chewing and swallowing do, as these strings or “linear foreign bodies” can catch in the GI tract, leading to bunching of intestine as the body tries in vain to move the string or ribbon through. This is a life-threatening condition requiring surgery for correction. Supervise animals who play with string closely.

ELECTRIC LIGHT CORDS

These are also tempting to cats who like to play with string as well as to puppies who are teething and interested in chewing. If a pet bites through an electrical cord, it could result in a severe burn to the tongue which causes the pet’s lung to fill with fluid, causing respiratory distress. This is also an emergency requiring immediate veterinary attention.

CHOCOLATE

Many people do not realize that chocolate can be a poison. Unsweetened baking chocolate carries a much higher dose of the toxin “theobromine” than does milk chocolate, but even normal milk chocolate can be dangerous; a small dog sharing candy can wind up in big trouble. Clinical signs of chocolate poisoning include hyperexcitability, nervousness, vomiting, and diarrhea and death.

POINSETTIA

Consuming this festive-looking plant can be irritating to the mouth and stomach of the dog or cat that chews on or eats it. Contrary to popular belief, poinsettia is not specifically toxic.

MISTLETOE

The fact that there are several types of mistletoe makes it difficult to predict the clinical signs of poisoning. Some mistletoes produce only stomach upset while others may lead to liver failure or seizuring. Consider mistletoe to be a hazardous substance and keep it inaccessible to pets and children.

COOKING

Keep pets out of the kitchen during the hustle and bustle of the season. The last thing you want is for someone you love to get underfoot and get burned from spillage.

DIETARY INDISCRETION

We all like to include our pets in holiday meals along with the rest of the family, but try to keep in mind that sudden rich diet changes are likely to upset a pet’s stomach. Vomiting and diarrhea are not uncommon. If leftovers are of an especially fatty nature, the pancreas may become inflamed and overloaded. This condition is serious and may require hospitalization.

From time to time we have customers ask us about nutritional support for their pet’s liver. Basically, the liver performs numerous important functions for your pet’s body, including the filtering of toxins from the bloodstream. Because the liver works to rid the body of so many different substances, it is susceptible to damage from many different sources.

Liver disease can be caused by:

• Viral and bacterial infections
• Poisonous substances your pet has eaten
• Altered blood flow to the liver due to heart disease or other congenital abnormality
• Your dog or cat’s breed - certain breeds in both can have difficulty excreting copper

Check your furry friend for the following signs of liver disease:

• Loss in appetite
• Sudden weight loss
• Lack of energy or depression
• Jaundice (yellowing of the gums, whites of the eyes or skin)

Other possible signs of liver disorders include dark-colored urine, pale gums or a build up of fluid in the abdomen that could be mistaken for sudden weight gain. Your veterinarian can administer other tests to diagnose liver disease, so for an accurate diagnosis and treatment options, always consult your veterinarian.

For maximum support of your pet’s liver, we recommend our Liver Support product, which has been shown to support liver metabolism and promote the detoxification of not only the liver but of the whole body. The typical pet dosage is one capsule per day for each 15 pounds of weight. Get a 90-capsule bottle for only $14.95 with a Poly-MVA for Pets purchase - click here to read more or to order!

For many of us, coming home from a long day at work means that we’ll be met at the door by an adoring and eager friend - our pet! All that love is such an ego boost. Pets are good for more than your self-esteem. Besides being great buddies, pets can also improve your health in these five ways:

• Prevent allergies: Many new studies show that children who grow up in a household with furry animals or on a farm, have less risk for allergies, and asthma and a stronger immune system.
• Friend magnets: Pets are natural conversation starters so your pet can help you meet people if you have social anxiety or chronic shyness.
• Benefit the aged: For the elderly, caring for a pet can offer exercise and companionship. Studies have also shown that for Alzheimer’s patients, those who have a pet have fewer anxious outbursts.
• Good for the mind and soul: Those who have pets are less likely to suffer from depression, are better equipped to handle stressful situations, and they also have lower blood pressure.
• Good for your heart: Pet owners who suffer from a heart attack will live longer than those who are petless. Studies have also shown that men who own pets have lower cholesterol.

You know it’s good for you. You know that exercise can give you energy, help you maintain a healthy weight, keep your muscles and joints flexible, help you live longer, and above all, make you feel better. For all the same reasons, your pets need to get up and get moving. Not only can exercise extend your furry friends’ lives; it may also expend some of their nervous energy and make them a little less likely to chew on the living room drapes.

The thing is, nobody’s filled pets in on all of these benefits of exercise. Without someone to lead the way, they’re not going to run laps or do leg lifts in their spare time. So as a wonderful pet parent, part of your job is ensuring your animal family members get safe, enjoyable exercise on a regular basis–whether they’re cats, dogs, turtles, or ferrets! All pets need some physical activity to live a happy, healthy life.

Different pets need different amounts of exercise, so you’ll want to talk to your veterinarian before starting your pet’s workout program. And perhaps spend some time talking with other pet owners to see what they do. With your veterinarian’s approval, you can embark on an exercise program that won’t seem like work at all–to your pet, it’s play.

Dogs on the run

Dogs can be great fun to exercise, because they can get you out and moving yourself. You don’t want to hit the ground running with your pooch, though. Just as with any animal–or person–you’ll want a doctor’s okay before you start your dog’s fitness routine. “Begin with a visit to the veterinarian to discuss your plans and ensure your dog has a clean bill of health,” says Dr. Jay Geasling, member and past president of the American Animal Hospital Association. “After your veterinarian gives you the go-ahead, start your dog on suitable exercise for beginners.”

Just like people who aren’t used to exercise, dogs should start off slow. Moderately paced walking and swimming are a good way to start–they let canine athletes build their cardiovascular and muscle strength without putting undue stress on their joints. A daily 10- to 15-minute walking or swimming session is a good start; you can build to an hour a day if Rover seems up to it. If, after a few months, he’s doing well and can handle long, fast walks without fatigue, he can graduate to jogging with you. Once he’s adapted to the exercise, you and your dog can run and walk to your heart’s content, if you take a few precautions:

• Keep a close eye on your dog: watch for any unusual signs of fatigue or trouble breathing. If your pup wants to stop, let him. Dogs that overdo it can suffer strained tendons or ligaments or other orthopedic problems.
• Don’t expect your fuzzy buddy to be a weekend warrior, even if you only get exercise on the weekends yourself. After a long week without exercise, your dog may be ready to get out and burn off energy. But because of their enthusiasm, many of the popular breeds, such as Labrador and golden retrievers, will overdo it.
• Safety first–keep Rover on a leash when you run. Even the best-trained dogs can run into the path of a car or a territorial animal. And if you have to run when it’s dark out, put reflectors on your dog’s collar as well as on your clothes.
• Concrete and asphalt are tough on the paws, especially on hot days. Try to run on dirt paths or grass as much as possible. Gravel, cinders, and road salt can also irritate paws.
• Take it easy in extreme weather. If it’s freezing cold or hot and steamy out, either keep your run short or play a little indoor fetch instead.
• The more active your dog is, the more water he’ll need. Make sure he has plenty of fresh water before and after your run. If you’re going for a long run, take some water along for him.

If your dog is getting bored with running or walking, take heart: there are other ways to get him the exercise he needs. A 15-minute game of fetch makes for a good workout. Supervised play with other dogs is a good option too. Tug-of-war is not a good game because it can damage his teeth and may increase aggressive behavior. If you have the time and your dog has the inclination, you could even try running him through some agility obstacle courses, which incorporate a range of activities. If you’re interested, your veterinarian may know of a dog agility organization in your area.

Getting the cat off the couch

Cats can make laziness into an art form: snoozing in the afternoon sun, stretching a little before they plop down on your lap for the night. But as immobile as they seem, they still need to get up and moving on a regular basis. Cats are a bit different than dogs, however–they’re designed for short, frequent periods of intense activity, rather than longer, slower-paced exercise sessions.

There are some wonderful toys you can buy to get your cat active, including kitty trees that will let her climb to the ceiling and mechanical animals she can chase around the room. There’s no reason to reach into your wallet for toys your cat may or may not like, however, when there is endless entertainment around the house. There are a few main ways you can entice your kitty into activity:

• Things she can bat. Anything light that moves easily across the floor can give your cat a chance to practice hitting and chasing. Balled up pantyhose and paper work well; for some reason the rings that come off of milk jug caps also seem to be irresistible. Just make sure that she’s not batting anything she could chew up or swallow.
• Things she can chase. The end of a moving string should bring out the predator in even the most sedentary cat. Again, just make sure she doesn’t swallow the string.
• Things she can explore. Empty boxes and paper bags may get your cat to climb in, out, and on top.
• Things she can scratch. Scratching stretches and tones the muscles in your cat’s shoulders and back. A scratching post–or even a piece of cardboard or carpet–can keep her active without shredding your sofa.

Whatever game you play with your cat, don’t use your hand or fingers as “bait” or as the object of teasing. This teaches him that it is all right to scratch and bite your hands–a lesson you will want your cat to unlearn in the future.

The key is to find out which kind of toy is the most tempting to your cat and to use it consistently. You may have to try a lot of different activities to before you find your kitty’s favorite. Some cats can even be trained to walk outside on a leash.

Exotic exercise

Yes, your pets in cages need exercise as well. Some small exotic pets, such as mice, geckos, turtles, or small birds, can get enough exercise simply moving around their cage. Larger animals, however, may lose muscle tone or become obese if they don’t get enough activity. There are a few ways to make sure your exotic gets moving:

• In the cage. Some pocket pets and birds can get plenty of activity with toys inside their cage. The well-known hamster wheel is an excellent way for hamsters, gerbils, and rats to burn off extra energy. Also, most pet stores carry sections of plastic pipe that you can attach to your pocket pet’s cage for extra running room. Climbing ladders and hanging mirrors and bells can help keep birds active and moving around their cage.
• Letting them out. If it can be done safely and you can watch him closely, letting your exotic pet out of the cage is an excellent way for him to stretch and move his muscles. If your pet is small enough, you can put him in a “hamster ball” and watch him roam. Some larger animals like rabbits, iguanas, and birds can safely explore your living room if you watch them carefully; be particularly watchful for rabbits, guinea pigs, and the like chewing on electrical cords.
• Getting fresh air. Building a small, securely covered outside pen may be a good idea if you have an exotic pet. Most larger exotic animals–including rabbits, guinea pigs, hedgehogs, snakes, iguanas, and turtles–will enjoy some time in the sun and the grass, provided they are protected from predators. You’ll just need to make sure they’re always supervised and that your lawn hasn’t been treated with any chemicals.
• Swimming. Believe it or not, swimming can be great exercise for reptiles. Many snakes and lizards are thrilled to slither or paddle around in a few inches of water. Because they carry salmonella, reptiles shouldn’t swim in a bathtub or swimming pool used by people. Instead, you can buy a children’s wading pool and keep it just for your pets’ use.
• Making them fly. If you have an overweight bird that refuses to fly, you’ll need to coax him to walk and to move his wings. One trick to get him to flap is to hold him on your arm and move that arm up and down; he’ll move his wings to keep his balance.
• Going for a stroll. With training, some rabbits and iguanas can actually learn to enjoy walking on a leash with a harness.

Whatever their species, animals’ need for exercise is just as vital to their health as their need for shelter, good food and supplementation, and clean water. For help in designing an exercise plan for your pet, contact your veterinarian.

It feels good to treat your pet to human food every once in a while. Those puppy-dog eyes are hard to resist as they watch you eat and try to convince you that they are starving! It makes you want to give them a taste of everything you eat. But beware: Giving in to those eyes and giving dogs human foods can actually harm them.

Last year, the ASPCA’s Animal Poison Control Center received more than 130,000 calls. Most cases of animal poisoning were caused by common human foods and household items.

Many foods we enjoy can be dangerous to animals. It’s best to stick to pet food and a diet recommended by your vet. Here are a few of the most toxic foods that can harm your pet:

Bad news foods

Avocados
They contain a toxic component called persin, which can damage heart, lung and other tissue in many animals. This fruit is very toxic to dogs, cats and most animals.

Beer
Alcoholic beverages can cause the same damage to an animal’s liver and brain as they cause in humans. But the effects can be deadly on animals since they are much smaller than us. The smaller the animal, the more deadly the effects can be. Even a small amount of alcohol may cause vomiting and damage the liver and brain.

Nuts
Walnuts and macadamia nuts are especially toxic. Effects can be anything from vomiting to paralysis to death. Within 12 hours of eating the nuts, pets start to develop symptoms such as an inability to stand or walk, vomiting, hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), weakness, and an elevated heart rate. These symptoms can be even worse if your dog eats some chocolate with the nuts. The effect can cause kidney failure, often leading to death.

Chocolate
Chocolate contains theobromine, which can kill your pet if eaten in large quantities. Dark and unsweetened baking chocolates are especially dangerous. Giving your pup a piece of chocolate cake or even letting him lick the chocolate icing on the cake could cause him to become ill. Theobromine can also cause a dog or cat’s heart to beat very rapidly or irregularly, which could result in death if the pet is exercising or overly active.

Candy
Candy or anything containing Xylitol (a common sweetener found in some diet products) can cause a sudden drop in an animal’s blood sugar, loss of coordination and seizures. If left untreated, the animal could die.

Caffeine
Coffee, tea or any product that contains caffeine stimulates an animal’s central nervous and cardiac systems. This can lead to restlessness, heart palpitations and death, depending on how much the animal consumes.

Grapes and raisins
Grapes and raisins can lead to kidney failure in dogs. As little as a single serving of raisins can kill them. And the effects are cumulative, which means that even if a dog eats just one or two grapes or raisins regularly, the toxin that builds in his system will eventually kill him.

Onions
Onions are another common food that can be highly toxic to pets. They can destroy an animal’s red blood cells and lead to anemia, weakness and breathing difficulties. Their effects are also cumulative over time.

Medicine
Hide medicine from your pets just like you would from your children. The most common cause of pet poisoning is from animals ingesting a medicine or drug normally prescribed for humans.

And this is not just because furry pals are getting into their pet parent’s medicine cabinets. In many cases, pet owners give their feline and canine friends an over-the-counter medication to ease an animal’s pain. But acetaminophen and ibuprofen, the active ingredients in many common pain relievers, are extremely toxic to dogs and cats. They can cause gastric ulcers, liver damage, kidney failure and sometimes death.

Good news foods

There are a few things that you CAN give to your furry pal. However, you should always consult a veterinarian before introducing a new food item to your pet.

Although these foods are normally harmless, some animals have sensitive gastrointestinal tracts. So even these healthy treats should be avoided if they cause gastrointestinal upset for your pet. Keep in mind that these and other “extras” should not make up more than 5 to 10 percent of the pet’s daily caloric intake.

Lean meats
Any cooked lean meat should be fine for most dogs. High-fat meats, chicken skin and fat from steaks or roasts are not recommended. Ingestion may lead to gastrointestinal upset or even pancreatitis. This can be a very painful condition for dogs. In addition, most companion animals do not need extra fat in their diets. Never give your pet meat with the bone in it. Animals can choke on the bones, and they can splinter as well.

Vegetables
Carrot sticks, green beans, cucumber slices and zucchini slices are all OK.

Fruit
Apple slices, orange slices, bananas and watermelon are all OK. Make sure the seeds have been taken out; seeds are not good for your pet!

Baked potatoes
Plain baked potatoes are fine, but make sure they are cooked — no unripe potatoes or potato plants.

Bread
Plain cooked bread is fine; just make sure there are no nuts or raisins added.

Rice and pasta
Plain, cooked pasta and white rice are OK. Often veterinarians recommend plain rice with some boiled chicken when gastrointestinal upset is present.

In case of emergency

Despite all the precautions you take to keep your pet pals safe, accidents do happen. That’s why the ASPCA, Humane Society and animal advocates advise pet owners to keep the telephone numbers of their local veterinarian and the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center — (888) 426-4435 — in a prominent location.

Common signs of poisoning include muscle tremors or seizures; vomiting and diarrhea; drooling; redness of skin, ears and eyes; and swelling and bleeding.

If you suspect your pet has consumed, inhaled or come in contact with a toxic substance, stay calm and call for help immediately. If you see your pet consuming anything you think might be toxic, seek emergency help immediately even if she or he is not exhibiting any symptoms.

By Sloan Barnett
TODAYShow.com contributor

A wide variety of vitamins, minerals and supplements are available in today’s marketplace. Typically they come in the form of flavored pills, treats, liquids, and powders. However, premium foods that are designed for puppy growth and canine maintenance may often supply all the needed vitamins and minerals to sustain normal growth, provided the puppy or dog eats it well. It is always best to consult a veterinarian before feeding any supplements to your pet.

When should puppies and dogs be given a vitamin supplement?

Conditions when supplementation are recommended:

• Pets that have been poor eaters or nutritionally deprived
• Pets who have been sick or weakened from a recent illness
• Pregnant or lactating (nursing) pets
• Pets with metabolic diseases
• Pets with special skin problems
• Pets that have been fed table scraps or a poor quality pet food
• Senior dogs and cats that have reduced kidney function lose B-vitamins in the urine. In addition, the absorption of vitamins through the intestinal tract diminishes as the pet ages. A premium food designed for a senior pet, and often accompanying supplementation, are the best choices for delaying the onset of intestinal tract disorders.
• Any time an added preventative measure toward disease or aging is desired or needed

Ingredients that may be found on product labels:

Acidophilus: Beneficial bacteria that normalizes digestive flora (aids in bringing the digestive system to its normal state). Can reduce problems with bloating, diarrhea, dry skin, dull coat, and bad breath.

Antioxidants: This is thought to be the missing link in pet nutrition. Antioxidants help inhibit the oxidation process that occurs in the body during normal cell metabolism. It is believed that oxidation causes cells to become damaged. (For more information on the excellent antioxidant properties of Poly-MVA for Pets, click here.)

Brewers yeast: Good source of proteins and B-vitamins.

B-vitamins: Useful in tissue repair or in stimulating a weak appetite. (Poly-MVA for Pets is an excellent source of B-vitamins - read more here.)

Calcium: Deficiencies are common in lactating pets. A nursing mother can lose a third of her calcium supply. A supplement containing calcium can be beneficial. Calcium deficiencies are also common in cats that are only fed meat. Calcium can also slow bone and joint degeneration in older pets.

Cod Liver Oil: Another fatty acid. It should not be given more than twice a week. Excesses of it will cause diarrhea, interfere with digestion, and cause an excess of vitamins A and D in the system.

Fatty Acids: Deficiency in fatty acids causes skin and coat problems. Linatone and Vitamin E are popular fatty acid supplements.

Garlic: This supplement has a long history of nutritional benefits. Garlic in an animal’s bloodstream has also been known to be helpful for repelling fleas.

Linatone: Fatty acid which can help the skin and give the pet a shiny coat. Helps with shedding, scratching, and dull coats.

Shark Cartilage: Rich in calcium.

Spirulina & Barley Grass: Provides organic phytonutrients not found in pet food. Alternative for pets that like to eat grass.

Taurine: Essential amino acid required by cats. This is found in cat foods, but must be supplemented if the cat is fed table scraps or is fed dog food. A deficiency of this can lead to reproductive problems and blindness.

Despite their popularity, myths about cats persist. Separating fact from fiction provides a greater understanding of how to meet their special needs.

A falling cat always lands on its feet
When a cat falls a short distance, it often twists itself around to right itself and land on its feet. However, falls from heights can cause severe injury or death.

A window without a screen or with an insecurely fastened screen is a life-threatening hazard. Other accidents happen when an air conditioner is removed from the window for cleaning or repair. Balconies are also a danger. A cat may fall from a balcony rail as it chases an insect.

Securely fastened screens and being alert to other high-rise dangers help prevent serious injuries resulting from falls.

Cats have nine lives
This myth probably started as the result of a cat’s flexible skeleton that allows squeezing and twisting to negotiate narrow and awkward places.

The factors that influence a cat’s longevity are proper diet and care, including regular visits to the veterinarian, and the cat’s genetic makeup.

The average life span for a neutered cat who is housed inside is estimated to be from 12 to 14 years. The maximum life span is said to be 35 years. The roaming cat’s life expectancy is usually less than that of a cat housed indoors. This may relate to a more stressful lifestyle as the results of accidents, fighting and exposure to weather extremes.

Cats can see in the dark
Cats cannot see in total darkness, but they can see much better at night with minimum light than humans can. Their vision in dim light is very sensitive.

Protecting a cat’s vision is one of the reasons a cat should never be fed dog food. Unlike dogs, cats cannot manufacture the amino acid taurine. Lack of taurine in the cat’s diet can cause vision problems. Cats require a higher level of protein in their diet than dogs.

All cats like fish
There is no particular food that all cats like. This is why cat foods are available in a variety of flavors and textures. Once you find nutritionally complete and balanced cat food your cat enjoys, stay with it. Frequent diet changes may create a finicky eater and cause digestive upsets. Be certain the package label states that the product has undergone feeding trials in accordance with the Association of American Feed Control officials (AAFCO) protocol.

Neutered cats become fat and lazy
Although neutered cats may become obese, this condition can be prevented. If the cat begins to gain weight, eliminate food from the table and, if necessary, reduce the amount of cat food offered. Cats can be encouraged to exercise through play. If there are questions about a cat’s body condition, a veterinarian should be consulted.

Spaying and neutering have many benefits. Spaying a female cat before her first heat cycle can help prevent mammary tumors and uterine infections.

There is an increasing awareness among pet owners that certain fatty acids are beneficial to a pet’s health. Along with this awareness comes the question, “which fatty acids are important and why?”

Although answering this question tends to be technical, it helps increase our knowledge of the role proper nutrition plays in the lives of our pets. Understanding fatty acid nutrition begins with defining nonessential and essential fatty acids.

Nonessential fatty acids can be synthesized within the body of a dog or cat and are not required in its diet. Essential fattyacids cannot be synthesized by a pet and must be supplied in its diet.

Dogs require one essential fatty acid (linoleic acid), while cats require two (linoleic and arachidonic acid). Both linoleic and arachidonic acids are classified as “omega-6″ fatty acids based on their molecular structure. These fatty acids are found primarily in grain and animal fat and are provided at appropriate levels in high-quality pet foods to:

• help regulate the blood flow to body tissues
• aid in clotting after an injury
• aid in normal reproduction
• help a pet’s immune system respond to injury and infection
• help a normal, healthy pet maintain a handsome haircoat and healthy skin

Another important class of fatty acids are the omega-3 fatty acids. Although structurally similar to omega-6 fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids are not currently considered essential in companion animal nutrition.

Because of their structural similarities, omega-6 and omega-3 compete for the enzymes which convert these fatty acids into their respective metabolites, which serve as cellular signals important in a variety of biological processes including immune function, blood clotting and inflammation. Despite the similarities between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, their respective metabolites differ in intensity as cellular signals. The omega-6 derived signals are generally more potent than those derived from omega-3 fatty acids.

The potential of omega-3 fatty acids contributing to the health of our pets is promising. A growing body of scientific research suggests that this class of fatty acids may benefit pets during certain life stages or when suffering from certain diseases. These studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids have the potential to help:

• manage severe inflammation associated with certain skin disorders
• support the proper development of the nervous system and visual acuity
• aid in the remission and decrease the side effects of lymphoma

A difference in the dietary requirements of dogs and cats is found in their utilization of linoleic acid. If provided at proper levels, dogs can produce all other needed fatty acids. Cats, however, cannot produce all other fatty acids they require from linoleic acid and require the addition of an omega-6 component, arachidonic acid, to their diets.

Understanding what omega-6 can do for pets and the potential benefits omega-3 may offer is a bit complicated, however, the bottom line is that at proper levels and in proper balance in pet food diets, these fatty acids provide health benefits to our pets. Seek out more information on these, and talk with your veterinarian about the benefits to your pet. 

In addition, dietary fat provides other important functions in a pet’s diet. It supplies a concentrated form of energy, contributes to the palatability and texture of a pet food, and carries the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, K and E.

A final thought: It’s good to know that nutrition research scientists continue to learn even more about how pet food diets can be formulated to be beneficial to our cherished companions.

Dogs mature at different rates. As a rule, large-breed dogs mature earlier than small dogs. But if your dog is age seven or older, he’s probably approaching, or already in, his senior years. This may mean a change in lifestyle for him and for you.

Companionship and commitment to your dog have always been important, but these are even more important now. Even though your dog may be slowing down, there is no reason the older years can’t be some of the best years. With regular veterinary attention, daily care and proper nutrition, your older dog can still experience a happy and healthy life.

Recognizing Your Dog is Getting Older

Older dogs go through physical changes in their later years, just as people do. The most practical way to tell if your dog is getting older is by observing his behavior and appearance. Simply put, how old does your dog act, look, and feel? The following signs of aging may indicate more specific changes in your dog’s health. Use these signs as a guideline in determining if your dog is an older dog.

• If your dog doesn’t respond to his name or verbal commands, or suddenly barks for no reason, it could indicate hearing problems.
• Excessive thirst and frequent or uncontrolled urination are often signs of kidney problems or diabetes.
• Inappropriate urination may be a sign of incontinence caused by a hormone imbalance, which is most common in spayed females, or caused by other medical conditions. Your veterinarian should be contacted if you notice incontinence in your dog.
• An older dog is more likely to develop tooth and gum disease. Because of sore gums or loose teeth, he may let food drop out of his mouth or even refuse to eat.
• Dogs are susceptible to heart disease. Coughing, difficulty in breathing and tiredness could indicate possible cardiac problems.
• A hazy, bluish cast on your aging dog’s eyes is normal and usually does not hinder the eyesight. However, the hazy, whitish growth of cataracts can lead to blindness. Your veterinarian can help you distinguish the difference.
• Like humans, a dog’s metabolism slows down as he gets older. And because older dogs may not be as active as they used to be, they have a tendency to gain weight. To tell if your dog is overweight, place your thumbs on his backbone and gently put both hands on his ribcage. If you can’t feel his ribs, he probably needs to lose a little weight. His body should also taper inward behind the ribs.
• Sudden weight loss or unplanned chronic weight loss should be reported to your veterinarian. This could be an indication of a health problem.
• For older dogs, you’ll notice that the skin thickens and becomes less pliable. It’s a good idea to check for large lumps on or under the skin. This could be a sign of a tumor, cyst or cancer.
• You will also notice changes in his hair, like gray hair around the muzzle and ears and light whiskers. A dog’s coat can thin and become dull as he ages.
• As a dog gets older, you’ll notice a decrease in energy level. He may become tired more easily and likes to nap often. He can experience stiffness in his leg, hip and shoulder joints. This could just be normal wear and tear, or it could be a result of an old injury or a sign of arthritis. Check with your veterinarian for a professional opinion and appropriate treatment.

Tips for Caring for Your Senior Dog

There are some specific things you can do to make your older dog’s life more comfortable:

Visit the Vet More Often
Because your dog is experiencing so many physical changes at this time in his life, it is more important than ever that he receive total health care from your veterinarian. In addition to annual vaccinations and checkups, talk to your veterinarian about special geriatric screenings for your dog as often as twice a year.

Give Your Dog Proper Exercise
Obesity and arthritis are two of the most common problems experienced by older dogs, and regular exercise can help stave off both. Exercising helps burn extra calories and can also help reduce arthritis pain. Exercise helps improve circulation and digestion as well. However, if your dog does have arthritis, consult your veterinarian before beginning an exercise program. Leisurely daily walks or a game of catch is good. If your dog has not exercised for a long time, start out slowly, then continue with a daily program. If you see your dog overexerting himself, stop the activity. Also, senior dogs may not have as great a tolerance for weather extremes as they once had. Always be sure he has plenty of water to drink during and after exercise.

Be Aware of Sensory Changes
Some changes in a senior dog’s senses of sight, hearing and smell are inevitable. But experience has shown that dogs who live in stimulating environments–where they are kept mentally alert and physically active through daily play or exercise–are better equipped to compensate for the gradual loss of some of their senses than those dogs who aren’t as physically and mentally stimulated.

Care for Your Dog’s Teeth
Hopefully, your dog has received dental care throughout his life. If so, keep up the practice and continue to provide crunchy foods that help reduce buildup. If your dog has obvious dental problems, however, consult your vet on the proper treatment. Leaving it untreated will only make your dog’s teeth worse and his life less pleasant.

Give Your Dog Proper Nutrition
As dogs get older, they may have special nutritional needs. Choose a dog food appropriate for your dog’s age and condition, preferably one without unwanted additives. Make sure it contains a good amount of protein to help senior dogs maintain muscle and lean body mass, help fight off infections and stay stronger longer. Another thing to look for is one that is calcium-fortified to help maintain strong teeth and bones. Try to also find one with an appropriate balance of vitamins, minerals and other essential nutrients needed for good vision, and healthy skin and haircoat. Including a pet-targeted dietary supplement in your dog’s diet can be essential to sustained quantity and quality of life.

Keep Your Dog’s Life Comfortable and Stable
Your pet’s bed should be kept in the same place and in a dry area, free from drafts. Avoid extreme heat and cold. A consistent daily routine is also vital to your older dog’s physical, mental and emotional health. Mealtime, naptime, walks or playtime should be done at the same time every day. Interruptions to the daily schedule can cause stress to your dog.

Care for Your Dog’s Skin and Coat
As part of your dog’s complete home health care program, you may want to schedule a special grooming session at least once a week. Brushing your dog regularly helps distribute skin oils and prevent dandruff for a healthy, pretty coat. It’s also very relaxing to your dog, even therapeutic. You might also use this time to monitor your dog’s health and body condition.

Remember Your Dog’s Emotional Needs
This is a time of many lifestyle changes for your dog. His senses may not be as sharp as they used to be. He may not be as active as he used to be. He may be unusually tired or experiencing pain because of the possible onset of disease. It is your responsibility to be sensitive to what he’s going through and understand that he is also experiencing a lot of psychological changes.

Overall, it’s important to try to do everything you can to make his life as comfortable as possible. Make an effort to provide the extra emotional support he needs by spending as much time with him as you can. With your special loving care and commitment, he can enjoy a quality life during these senior years.